Nursing Leadership and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nursing Leadership and Management - Essay Example are most concerned about planning, organizing, staffing, leading, and controlling their departments within set structures (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005, p. 81). Managers basically deal with ‘doing the right things’ while leaders deal with ‘doing things right.’ Nurse leaders must focus on theories of leadership as tools to reform the current staffing problems in many nursing facilities in the world. Theories of leadership that can be applied in nursing are behavioral theory, contingency theory, trait theory, and power and influence theories. Behavioral theory is concerned with what a good leader does rather than who he/she is. Nurse leaders who operate under this theory are inactive and passive, allowing their staff to determine their actions. Other leaders here can be democratic, giving equal voice to their staffs and accepting group decisions. Still under behavioral theory, nurse leaders can be autocratic, being the sole decision makers and adopting commands t o staffs rather than being open to suggestions (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005, p. 86). Shortage of nurses and dis-interest in this industry is attributed to the main reason that nurses do not feel appreciated or motivated enough in compensation and in recognition of their efforts. Nurse leaders and managers can begin to address this issue by creating work environments that are encouraging to their staffs. Leaders are central to motivation, and they should create environments that are open to interaction and understanding of nursing teams. Managers should, on the other hand, utilize management styles that are democratic and participative rather than autocratic or laissez-faire. Discouraged and demotivated nurses will respond better to suggestions and shared decision-making rather than to commands and one-person... This essay approves that changes in nursing practice are unending, and a shift is needed from the over-management of nursing staff to a leadership model that is adaptive and flexible. The nursing practice is heavily dependent on formal education programs from which staffing and new skills are derived. A best approach that will address personal and professional concerns of nurses in practice is the way forward in reducing staff shortages and turnover. Nursing that is led by a model ‘more leadership than management’ is the ultimate solution. This is the transformational model of leadership that is intent on creating nursing leaders and staffs who ‘work together’ and not ‘one for the other’ for better health care services. Future trends for the nursing practice in the twenty-first century indicate that the high shortage and turnover of nurses can only be permanently ended by a class of nurses who are multi-talented and supported to acquire new skil ls. Transformational leadership in nursing practice is the key to attracting such class of nurses and developing leaders who can effectively manage their resources for better output. This report makes a conclusion that the transformational leadership approach suits best my leadership style that is flexible to different situations. The situational-contingency theory of leadership maintains that no leadership style is the best one and that situation influences good leadership. It is certain that nursing will in the future be affected by changes in medical practice, policy, technology advancements, and alternative therapies among other changes. The extent of these effects or what they will be is not conclusively known; thus, no leadership approach can solely be the most suitable.

Recruitment At Richer Sounds Essay Example for Free

Recruitment At Richer Sounds Essay John Clayton is the training and recruitment director within the business. His two key areas are the colleague support or the recruitment/training office. He works closely with the manager of colleague support, Tracey Armstrong. Richer Sounds personal views on Recruitment Richer Sounds always tries to recruit people who have friendly personalities and like to enjoy their work. The company looks for these keys on candidates rather than much of their grades because normally these people normally start to work as a sales person or work in the support department. The promotion policy in Richer Sounds enables efficiently working colleagues to be promoted up in the company rather than recruiting new employees who have no understanding within the business. Richer Sounds only recruit employees if they need someone who has the skills to do particular work such as professional in I.T. How Richer Sounds advertise for new colleagues Within every edition of the in-store catalogue and website they advertise their vacancies, these vacancies are usually for needs of new sales person or need new employees to work in the departments. This generates ongoing application from many interested people. If there are no vacancies at that time then they keep all record of people who applied, for about six months. Colleagues are also able to advice his/hers friends o relatives to work in the company, however these applicants should also follow the same rule of application as all other people. These adverts causes the company to save major amount of money each time because if they would publish it on the newspaper everytime then they would have to pay certain amount to the newspaper company therefore this idea of having to publish on their catalogues and website is good idea. If the company doesnt receive any phone call from any people regarding the job then finally the company will have to publish it on the newspapers. For specialist employees to recruit the company notifies the vacancy to the employment agency. The recruitment process at richer sounds The recruitment process is shown on the following steps: Identify any vacancies within the business Advertise the vacancies The company the looks through all the CVs relevant to that store or department They schedule for interviews with appropriate store or department manager. In Richer Sound all managers have completed their Managers Development Course and while doing they also received training on interview, how to interview a candidate. The applicant which is been successful is been given a trial day to work at richer sounds If all the interview and trial day is completed and the candidates are successful then the candidates can either send an application form which states that he/she is agreeing to work with richer sounds. Next all these new candidates have to meet either Jez Avens, John Clayton or Lee Nelson for their final approval When the company receives the application form, the business then sends these forms for references and as the candidate gets one or more good reference he/she is offered the job. They then write a letter to the candidate, which also includes the statement of terms of employment. Final step for the company is to send off letters to all candidates given an interview regarding that they have given this job to someone. This is given so the candidates would know if he/she would get the job. The company policy and rules Richer sounds have several policies on recruitment so they do not operate within the law but also operate truthfully. These include The companys equal opportunities statement. The test shouldnt require high level of English Richer Sounds never ask a woman about their family

Limiting Reactant Effect on Lab

Limiting Reactant Effect on Lab The Limiting Reactant Lab ABSTRACT The purpose of is lab is to see how the limiting reactant effects the whole lab. To determine what the other limiting reactant was and how much of reactant was there. INTRODUCTION A[CS4] limiting reactant limits the reaction and controls the amount of product formed when balancing an equation and making calculations. When calculating a limiting reactant, two reactant masses given because once the limiting reactant is gone the reaction stops producing. Limiting reactant is the reactant that is completely used until there isnt any more of it and then the reactant will stop. (Shah, 2007) (Buthelezi, Dingrando, Hainen, Winstrom, Zike, 2013). Hypothesis is proposed that if there is a sufficient amount of iron that the copper would not be precipitated. MATERIALS Ring Stand Filter Paper Distilled Water Stirring Rod Pipestem triangle Balance Copper(II) sulfate 100mL beaker Wire screen Weigh cups Iron filings 250mL beakers Bunsen burner METHODS The mass of 100mL beaker was measured using a balance. The mass of the weigh cups were taken using a balance, also. 8 grams of copper sulfate crystals were measured using a balance and placed into the 100mL beaker. A graduated cylinder was used to measure out 50 mL of water out to add into the crystals. A Bunsen burner was lit under the ring stand with the wire screen on the ring clamp holding the 100mL beaker and substances in place. The beaker was heated and stirred until just before it began to boil, then the gas was shut off to stop the flame [CS5]and the solution began to cool. 1.3 grams of iron filings were stirred into the hot copper sulfate crystals. The 100mL beaker was left to cool for ten minutes while observing the reaction taking place. A sheet of filter paper was taken including initials written [CS6]on it and weighed. A filtration system was made and placed into a funnel. The funnel was placed over an E[CS7]. flask. The liquid was poured slowly into the funnel going th rough the [CS8]filter paper and into the flask. With tap water the beaker was rinsed. When the solid settled[CS9], the beaker was rinsed two more times, until all of the solid was transferred to the filter paper. The filter paper was placed onto a watch glass and then placed into the oven. Once it is cooled[CS10], the mass of the beaker, filter paper and solid were recorded. RESULTS The[CS11] Limiting Reactants limit the reaction. Once the limiting reactant is gone[CS12] the reaction stops, it determines the amount of the product being produced. Single replacement reaction is a chemical reaction happens when certain atoms in one replace the atoms in another element[CS13]. If[CS14] you dont[CS15] balance and record your numbers then you cannot keep track of how much you have, and then it can make you[CS16] to use too much or to less of needed for the chemical reaction. Using dirty glass wear[CS17] can affect the weights[CS18] and the reaction occurring[CS19]. Mass[CS20] of empty 100mL beaker 70g Mass of copper (II) sulfate 8.0g Mass of iron filings 1.3g Substance collected 3.0g Mass of filter paper 2.0g Moles[CS21] of copper (II) sulfate equaled out to be 0.08 moles because 8.0 grams of copper sulfate multiplied by one mole of copper sulfate divided by 96g of copper sulfate equaled 0.08 moles. The amount of iron added to the solution calculated out to be 0.02 molFe because 1.3 multiplied by one mole Fe divided by 56 grams Fe equals 0.02molFe. There were 0.05 moles of substance produced due to 3 grams being multiplied by 1 and divided by 64 grams and equals to 0.05 moles of substance. Moles of iron metal reactant came out to be 2.8 moles because 8 grams multiplied 1 mole divided by 160 grams multiplied by 56 grams equals 2.8 moles. Copper (II) sulfate starts with 3 grams divided by 56 grams multiplied by 160 grams equals 8.57 moles CuSO4[CS22]. [CS23]The limiting reactant is the iron metal. Its the lowest number[CS24]. The CuSO4 was the excess due to having more left over an exact amount of 8.57 moles. The only error [CS25]that occurred in the lab would be the beaker not being quite as clean as needed In correct recording[CS26] of the Iron[CS27] filings. Also[CS28] that Some[CS29] of the iron was still built up along the sides of the beaker[CS30]. Some of the iron came out [CS31]before it reached the beaker with the copper (II) sulfate. [CS1]APA format says that the running head should be left aligned and page number right aligned. The title of your lab should also be in all caps. [CS2]Please do not use . Either use a comma or the word and. [CS3]Your abstract is missing. Please create a new page, make a center and bold heading Abstract, and complete. Your abstract should be a summary of the purpose of the lab and your findings. [CS4]Paragraphs should be indented. [CS5]Shutting the gas off stopped the flame. Please be specific and explain that instead. [CS6]Third person [CS7]Spell out the name. [CS8]And would work here also [CS9]comma [CS10]comma [CS11]The first line of the paragraph is indented only. [CS12]comma [CS13]Please clarify. [CS14]Just so this lab report will flow a little better, please put a sentence here about potential errors could have been caused by these things in the sentences that follow. [CS15]Please dont use contractions. [CS16]Third person, please. Try something like it would be possible to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [CS17]This should be spelled ware. [CS18]masses [CS19]If you say this, you need to explain how. Dirty glassware causes masses to be falsely increased due to contaminants or side reactions that use up the reactants to make an undesired product. [CS20]Put in a heading to label this table as Table 1. It should be bold and left aligned. [CS21]Please left align [CS22]This needs subscript. [CS23]This is very difficult to read. Please see me for correct format. Also, instead of going by the calculations listed in the form, calculate limiting reactant and excess in grams the way we did in class. [CS24]Instead of this, it needs to be specific. The limiting reactant was iron metal since calculations indicated that the smallest amount of copper could be produced. [CS25]Many errors are possible. Please mention incorrect measurements, faulty balances, side reactions due to dirty glassware. [CS26]Incorrect is one word [CS27]This does not need to be capitalized. [CS28]comma [CS29]Do not capitalize [CS30]Remained in the beaker [CS31]Came out? How did it come out? Be specific. Mention sticking to the weigh boat, spilling, or some other means of losing the iron.

John Updikes A & P Essay -- John Updike A & P Social Class Wealth Ess

John Updike's A & P At first read, John Updike's 'A & P' contrasts old and new; the old manager in his settled life conflicting with the new age of girls wearing bathing suits in buildings. All the while, the narrator stuck in the middle, finally deciding to join the side of new, or youth. Instead of old vs. new, an observation closer to the heart of the story is conflict between the worlds of the rich and the middle class. ?A & P? is the setting for one man to decide in which way he will seek to follow his life, standing on his own two feet and treating everyone as equals, or bowing before the wealthy, and searching for his own riches above all else. In walk three girls into a grocery store in bathing suits. They?re far enough away from the beach that it is customary for them to be wearing more clothes. Their actions are deliberate and exaggerated; they came in the store to buy one item, but that was not their purpose for being there. It?s easy to extract from the story that the girls stood out in many ways, money being an important one. Updike presents Sam the cashier as thinking, ?Her father and the other men were standing around in ice-cream coats and bow ties and the women were in sandals picking up herring snacks on toothpicks off a big glass plate and they were all holding drinks the color of water with olives and sprigs of mint in them.? Sam?s impression of the girls was obviously that they came from wealth, something that he could not claim of himself. And although he outwardly admired their bodies, he was really admiring their wealth. The girls walked in and by the lack of conformity of their dress, immediately they set a different tone within the store. They walked the wrong way down isles and paid no att... ...o become what they are, so that he can walk around and have others treat him with respect above others. In ?A & P? John Updike gives a story of a man faced with two choices for his life in a seemingly unimportant circumstance. He can stand up for himself and for his rules, as his manager encourages him to do so. But as the story goes, he remains oblivious to the forces at work, and decides to bend his will to three girls in bathing suits, or more generally, to those who have the power and nobility of wealth behind them. Sam makes the wrong choice, and subsequently, makes the rest of his life more difficult, as he admits that he must life his life under another class of people, the wealthy, as though he is less than them. By admitting that he is less than them, Sam has started to live his life not for the happiness he can obtain, but for the wealth he can obtain.

Case: Grupo Bimbo Essay

Grupo Bimbo continuous expansion with an ambition to become one of the five-largest bakers in the world, while the company’s performance in existing foreign markets should be improved so fore made profitable and keep company away from financial hazard due to acquiring losses and lack of substantial profit from foreign markets. Almost 70% of Grupo Bimbo’s sales came from Mexico, where the company had built a 90% market share in the packaged bread segment, the business was very profitable and the company operated in growing market. However, the investments in U.S. and Latin America, where markets were highly competitive, have not been profitable. According Grupo Bimbo’s global strategy – to become one of the five-largest bakers in the world – it had launched a series of strategic initiatives to make foreign operations successful. In March/April, it had purchased the Beijing Panrico Food Processing Center that had already established operations in China. Sub-problems†¢Grupo Bimbo should adapt its distribution networks to each country’s differences (union’s pressure in U.S., inexperienced independent operators in Brazil, modifying China’s distribution structure to rely on bicycles). Because of nature of the products (fresh bread), Grupo Bimbo must service stores directly, on a daily basis. This places tremendous demands on the distribution network to guarantee uninterrupted, fresh product deliveries. The wide geographical spread of the business created by Bimbo’s rapid international expansion called for complicated logistical planning to keep the business functioning efficiently. †¢Very different markets in Mexico, the United States, Latin America and China required distinct ways of operating activities and price setting standards. While 80% of Mexico sales still were through ‘mom and pop’ stores, allowing to control where, when, how and for what price products were sold, 80% of the sales in U.S. and 70% in Latin America transpire through large supermarkets. The power of supermarkets as a main chain of the product distribution in domestic Mexica`s, as well as Brazil and Argentina markets increases their bargaining power was very high. The company should find the  best practices how to customize the relationships with these large chains in newly established market in China. †¢Differences in cultures and in markets among multinational Bimbo divisions. One of them is a cultural difference in human resource management in South America- â€Å"even basic phrases such as -I’ll do it right way- in Spanish needed to be adjusted based on individual countries†. Even in Latin America countries in addition to the language differences there are differences in their consumption of manufactured-produced bread- â€Å"Artisanal bread is king, with neighborhood bakeries making baguettes and French bread†. In U.S. very important difference in bread consumption is based on popularity the fad and low- carbohydrates diets. Grupo Bimbo should adapt its product assortment to these differences through new products launches, favorable and efficient sales mix and strong volumes. â€Å"In Mexico, our company has been very successful, and success typically leads to rigidity and makes it difficult to see changes in the environment. We should reflect on our current situation while keeping everything open for change.†Three Dimensions of Distance:Three Dimensions of Distance according Bimbo’s operations in Chinese market:†¢Cultural Distance – The Chinese language is a very important issue what should be taken into account. The different local needs and tastes of Chinese’s customers. Grupo Bimbo should develop products for local tastes. Bimbo has very successful product position- tortillas, which is not chosen by Chinese experts for Chinese markets. Grupo Bimbo saw promise in the Chinese market for ongoing expansion of its packaged breads, buns, croissants, and sweet rolls, using store promotion and university and school road shows. The way of doing business – focus on achieving trust with people, including how you can be trusted by them. However, the two years studies of China in the pre-acquisition research phase was done by hired team of Chinese immigrants living in Mexico, but not local Chinese residents. It could result in the wrong understanding off Chinese market. †¢Geographic Distance – China is geographically far from Mexico, what could influence such business sides: control and strategic business development.  Different infrastructure approaches, for example employees in China were riding bicycles to transport the products and manage the shelf space, for example, in the America products were transported by trucks. Speaking about the size of the market – The Grupo Bimbo overestimated the size of the market, as says in the case, the large proximate market the company could serve. The size doesn’t’ guarantee the prognoses sales. †¢Economic Distance – diverse work organization approaches. Human resources side, the 775 employees acquired with the purchase of Beijing Panrico, their different work style. Bimbo successes in improving the manufacturing productivity – they made the operational upgrades in standards. Economic Distances: Chinese Bimbo Company served a regional area of 40 million people, its 186 routes were linked by a combination of trucks and bicycles and all that is maintained by only 775 employees. It was able to access over 4000 points of sale, what was too small figure for the served population number. Grupo Bimbo should expand the distribution network and improve efficiencies. Previously the Chinese plant’s company had left the local employees â€Å"largely on their own†. Grupo Bimbo should improve productivity of the plant by operational changes. If Grupo Bimbo would like to become a leader in Chinese market, the priority should be Cultural Distances. As the company acquired the plant in order to make the production process locally and already established changes in production process to make it more efficient- that’s mean The Grupo Bimbo goes for Multi-domestic strategy (low costs, high localization). As we see from the Exhibit 7, the Panrico Group, bought by Grupo Bimbo, market share was only 0,1%. But in the same time the artisanal bread has 53,8% of market share. Such a high figure shows us that Chinese do not like the industrial- manufacturing bread. It is similar to people preference in South America. To realize this strategy successfully, it has to set the priority for dealing with cultural differences due to it is most important as it served the bases for choosing the right products based on the Chinese consumer demands and  tastes, as well as language barriers according local employees and suppliers. REFERENCES: harward business school. by jordan siegel march 23 2007

Personality psychology Essay

In this essay I will aim to demonstrate an understanding of Jung’s Personality Types by describing and evaluating his theory and show how they might be useful in helping me to determine therapeutic goals. I will also look at some of the criticism levelled at Jung’s theory,I think this allows the therapist,ie myself to better understand the positive from the negative. I am also of the opinion that detailing Jung’s early years and background play am important role in the overall evaluation. I have particular interest in when Jung met Freud and how this meeting of minds shaped or maybe changed their individual conclusions. I will cover this later in my essay. Carl Gustav Jung was born July 26, 1875, in the small Swiss village of Kessewil. His father was Paul Jung, a country parson, and his mother was Emilie Preiswerk Jung. He was surrounded by a fairly well educated extended family, including quite a few clergymen and some eccentrics as well. By the age of just six years old Jung started to learn Latin which started an interest in language and literature, especially ancient literature. Jung read several ancient languages including ‘Sanskrit’ the original Holy Hindu language book. Jung was a distant youth whilst growing up who did not enjoy his schooling years and was not competitive. Jung’s later education was in Basel, Switzerland where he attended boarding school where he found himself the centre of jealous pestering. Carl Jung began to use sickness as an excuse, developing an embarrassing tendency to faint under pressure. Carl Jung’s first career choice was archaeology; Jung went on to study medicine at the University of Basel. Whilst working under the well-known neurologist Krafft-Ebing, he established himself on psychiatry as his career. After graduating, he took a place at the Burghoeltzli Mental Hospital in Zurich under Eugene Bleuler, an expert on schizophrenia. In 1903, Jung married Emma Rauschenbach. He also taught classes at the University of Zurich, had a private practice, and invented word association at this time. (internet search) In 1907 Jung met Freud. Freud would be seduced by the esteem and personality of Jung and would soon see in him the spiritual son that could guarantee the survival of psychoanalysis. The unwillingness of Jung towards the Freudian Theory referred to the role of sexuality in the psychic development. In fact Jung on no occasion completely embraced the sexual theory of Freud. From 1912 onwards Jung found himself more and more distant from Freud’s writings. By abandoning the winding and indirect of Psycho-sexuality, Jung would launch himself in the fields of spirituality and science which was understood by only an initiated few. Jung’s inner world became something for him to study and develop his theories on and during this time Jung evolved the goal of his psychology of individuation, which is the achievement of the self and other guide marks, such as the archetypes, the collective unconscious. Jung’s theory stresses the importance of understanding our personal unconsciousness (events, feeling, behaviour patterns that we have buried in our subconscious from our own direct past) and the collective unconscious (patterns, trends, traits, behaviours that all humans have no matter what background or culture have running through our lives). Whereas Freud believed the unconscious was suppressed by the human mind. Jung in the other hand believed the unconscious mind was where the conscious mind had its origins and where our psyche begins or is created from. Balance was the key for Jung, which he believed the balancing of the two sides is what drives us humans ‘towards’ or ‘away’ from goals. The foundation of the mind that consisted of the EGO (who we think we are); the SHADOW (the part of us that we deny or do not acknowledge) was developed by Jung. He continued to believe our mind was constantly developing or moving towards our true self (individuation) and this journey was fuelled by natural laws, the principles of opposites, that every aspect of our mind has an opposite force. The principle of equivalence that equal amounts of energy are given to both sides, and the principle of entropy, that everything natural winds down as energy is  evenly distributed, eventually with the opposing side blending together creating a harmony. Jung believed that our mind’s voyage followed a repeating in the ‘rites of passage’ for birth, marriage and death, mirrored throughout all cultures and peoples. Jung believed that this drive to move towards a state if harmony or individuation, was fundamentally important to us all. Jung spent a good deal of time and energy on the importance of dreams and getting to understand what their meanings meant to each individual. Jung believed that by understanding the imageries within our dreams we  would benefit a better knowledge of ourselves. He indicated that dreams should not be interpreted too accurately, but considered for finding personal meanings in the imaginary or symbolism. Jung also recognised and identified two opposites of personality; 1. INTROVERSION 2. EXTROVERSION Introversion – when psychic energy is turned inwards towards our inner world. These people tend to be thoughtful people with reserved natures, preferring their own company and evading large groups, they may be cautious and uncertain, disliking change or new things, they may seem  defensive and they like privacy and personal space and spend a lot of time in contemplation. Extreme forms of introversion have similar qualities to autism and some forms of schizophrenia. Extroversion – is when the movement of energy is turned outwards towards the outside world. An extroverted person would show interest in the outside world, they will be objective and frank with helpful and easy-going personalities, they like action and people around them, extreme versions of extroverts would be hopeless alone and not able to bear silence or solitude, needing continuous excitement and external  inspiration to prevent boredom or unhappiness. Jung also identified four different functions (attitudes) of the mind; THINKING – when a person connects to the world via reason and intelligence. These types will have thinking searching minds, always questioning. They will be good at judging things able to see the origin and results, and will reach logical decisions. They may be open and appear cool and detached emotionally, and will be good at adjusting to new situations. FEELING – when a person makes worth decisions about the world based on how they feel about something, putting ideas, points, and issues in  order based on how they assess them and not on emotional feelings. Feeling people have a sturdy sense of traditional values and human connection is significant to them as they tend to be warm and creative. SENSATION – when a person relies sensory impressions – perceptions. These people rely on sensory impressions, how certain things appear, feel and sound. They tend to be mentally and emotionally stable people, taking things at face value, they can be seen as dull and boring which often be easy going and fun, with a calm nature. INTUITION – when the world is understood or interpreted in a particular  way mainly through the unconscious – when people speak of having a hunch, gut feeling or instinct about something, this type of person is conscious of changes. Possibilities can appear distracted or ungrounded; they will get bored of uninterested or boring details which are often not practical. They can be creative and inspirational. Jung believed that a person is essentially an introvert or an extrovert and this remains equally fixed, however, an individual will rely mainly on functioning using one of these four modalities but that opposing function also had an impression on their relationships and behaviour and these  functions may adjust throughout life. e combined two attributes and the four functions to eight different psychological types. Jung understood that most people are a blend of two or more types, and that understanding how your own personality type and that of people around you related to the world would offer a deeper understanding of yourself. For example; bringing you closer to individuation. Jung trusts that we understand and recognised the strengths and weaknesses of our mind; that we would improve and achieve balance. The functions and attitudes are also not fixed with one side of the pair  leading, the other becomes unconscious. Jung believed that the unconscious part then finds a way of expressing its hidden self. A person’s conscious orientation will be towards one of the four functions; the leading or principle function – this will decide how you respond to experiences. 1. The dominant or principle function – this will determine how you react to experiences. 2. Auxiliary functions – mainly conscious. 3. The opposite auxiliary – suppressed and partially unconscious. 4. Remaining generally unconscious Jung believed when the conscious function was solid there was a trend  for the opposing function to break through into the conscious occasionally in the form of hysteria, phobias and obsessions. He believed in order to achieve balance one must work with the repressed function in therapy which in this case has echoed Freud’s theory on repressed feelings and emotions surfacing unconsciously. These combinations of psychological types, Jung formulated into eight types, combining the two attitudes with the four functions; Extroverted and Introverted 1. Thinking Type, 2. Feeling Type, 3. Sensation Type, 4. Intuitive Type The above generalisation was Jung’s way of providing a structure in order  to begin and to understand individual’s behaviours and feelings. Although these types are still current they form the basis of personality or psychometric testing (Myers-Briggs) which is still in use today. I believe the significance of this information is that it is an opening point from which to discover and explore our own or clients mind using a structure. Jung maintains that psychological types are mostly inborn and not acquired through life’s experiences. I concur with this belief, However, Jung recognised that personality types were influenced as a child advances through life by factors such as parents and the amount of  influence each parent has over a child, and social factors such as school, peer groups surroundings. Jung also believed problems (mental ill health) arose when external influences forced children into a pattern that goes against the natural energy flow of a person’s mind or psychological type. As with Freud, most of the theories of early pioneers are quite impossible to prove or test due to no scientific way of measuring them. Also the amount of patients used was in very small numbers and little practical work was done. Jung’s work has given foundations to many modern  psychologies including theories to develop and explore further and deeper, including words that have been accepted by the modern language. For example; * Psyche * Extrovert * Introvert. * Archetype These are parallels with other great psychologies – Freud, as I already mentioned and discussed, and the work of Hans Eysenck a more modern theorist. Eysenck was the first psychologist to make this trait or temperament business into something more mathematical: he gave long lists of adjectives to hundreds of thousands of people and used a special statistics called factor analysis to figure out what factors trait dimensions  carry the most weight. He took results of this work and created a test called the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) instead of making these traits either-or, like Jung did, he saw them as dimensions. His first trait dimension was, like Jung, ‘extraversion-introversion’. But rather than say you were one or the other (an I or an E), he provided you a score on extraversion-introversion. Eysenck based his theories on Galen, an ancient Greek theory which was created around two thousand BC. It is one of the oldest personality theories around. Eysenck added on the two basic dimensions of  temperament (like Jung) and these were based on four types (unscientifically based on the types of fluids he believed were washing around the individuals body) a sanguine type, cheerful, optimistic and easy to be with, choleric, quick, hot tempered and aggressive. A phlegmatic type temperament, slow people who had a tendency to be sad, depressed and have a negative view of the world. Much simpler and much less sophisticated than Jung’s theory; Eysenck expands this into three dimensions of personality; 1. Introversion – extroversion 2. Neuroticism – emotional 3. Stability and psychoticism  With five further subdivisions; 1. extroversion 2. agreeableness 3. conscientiousness 4. neuroticism 5. openness The theme of four (opposing) forces repeats throughout cultures and across time, North, South, East and West, Earth, Fire, Wind and Air. In religion(used my own as my example! ) we see recurrences of types, for example; †¢The Father †¢The Son †¢The Holy Ghost or the Virgin Mother †¢The Crone Archetypal images we can recognise and begin to understand. These theories have a degree of objectivity, whilst they may give different labels to the personality types there does seem to be agreement that  you begin to understand individuals if you can assess basic similar categories or repeating personality traits. Like Jung’s theory, and the teachings in the Bible (parables) perhaps these theories have value as a way of forming a framework for us to ask question, and discovering more of ourselves. CONCLUSION Jung believed each personality type or psyche was influenced by another, it is logical to assume that in all human relationships, mainly within an analyst/patient relationship, the analyst may encourage the patient so a subjective conclusion or true individuation may not be  achievable. I feel it is important to recognise as Jung did that these types are not fixed and that a person’s personality or psyche changes throughout life and that energy flows and fluctuates between the opposing sides of our psyche so we understand that a person does not fit neatly into one of the boxes. Jung created this structure or framework to help work towards understanding of our own psyches and how better to relate to the world and people around us. Understanding how a person or patient feels, reacts and relates is obviously the first step to the beginning to help them. Being able to plan a patient’s healing journey will be more effectively tailored to them if we have a good understanding of why they think or feel the way they do and help them to understand this too. Jung believed that in order to heal, people need to learn to listen to messages from the unconscious mind, to follow their own path and think independently, and that in order to become a competent analyst you must ‘first understand yourself’ in order to efficiently help a client and to determine therapeutic goals,This is an ongoing journey of self discovery which this course is bringing out  in me. BIBLIOGRAPHY Chrysalis – Diploma in psychotherapeutic counselling – year two – Module Three Carl Jung Resources, 2014 http://www. carl-jung. net/ What Freud really said – David Stafford-Clark WWW. Philosophy. lander. edu (Internet research) Wikipedia (Internet) Carl Jung – Dr. C. George Boeree http://worldtracker. org/media/library/Psychology/Boere Hans Eysenck – Dr. C. George Boeree http://worldtracker. org/media/library/Psychology/Boere Introducing Jung a graphic guide – Maggie Hyde & Michael McGuinness Personality Types: Jung’s Model of Typology – Darl Sharp.

How to Write a 10 Page Research Paper

How to Write a 10 Page Research Paper A large research paper assignment can be scary and intimidating. As always, this large assignment becomes more manageable (and less scary) whenever you break it down into digestible bites. The first key to writing a good research paper is starting early. There are a few good reasons to get an early start: The best sources for your topic might be taken by other students, or they might be located in a faraway library.It will take time to read the sources and write those note cards.You will find that every re-write of your paper makes it better! You want to give yourself plenty of time to polish your paper.If you wait until the last minute, you could find that there is no information available to support your topic or thesis. You might need to find a new topic! The timeline below should help you get to the number of pages you desire. The key to writing a long research paper is writing in stages: you will need to establish a general overview first, and then identify and write about several subtopics. The second key to writing a lengthy research paper is to think of the writing process as a cycle. You will alternate researching, writing, reordering, and revising. You will need to revisit each subtopic to insert your own analysis and arrange the proper order of your paragraphs in the final stages. Be sure to cite all information that is not common knowledge. Consult a style guide to make sure you are always citing properly. Develop your own timeline with the tool below. If possible start the process four weeks before the paper is due. Research Paper Timeline Due Date Task Understand the assignment completely. Obtain general knowledge about your topic reading reputable sources from the internet and from encyclopedias. Find a good general book about your topic. Take notes from the book using index cards. Write several cards containing paraphrased information and clearly-indicated quotes. Indicate page numbers for everything you record. Write a two-page overview of your topic using the book as a source. Be sure to include page numbers for the information you use. You dont have to worry about format just yet just type page numbers and author/book name for now. Pick five interesting aspects that could serve as subtopics of your subject. Focus in on a few major points that you could write about. These could be influential people, historical background, an important event, geographical information, or anything relevant to your subject. Find good sources that address your subtopics. These could be articles or books. Read or skim those to find the most relevant and useful information. Make more note cards. Be careful to indicate your source name and the page number for all information you record. If you find these sources arent providing enough material, look at the bibliographies of those sources to see what sources they used. Do you need to obtain any of those? Visit your library to order any articles or books (from the bibliographies) that are not available in your own library. Write a page or two for every one of your subtopics. Save each page in a separate file according to the subject. Print them out. Arrange your printed pages (subtopics) in a logical order. When you find a sequence that makes sense, you can cut and paste the pages together into one big file. Dont delete your individual pages, though. You may need to come back to these. You may find it necessary to break up your original two-page overview and insert parts of it into your subtopic paragraphs. Write a few sentences or paragraphs of your analysis of each subtopic. Now you should have a clear idea of the focus of your paper. Develop a preliminary thesis statement. Fill in transitional paragraphs of your research paper. Develop a draft of your paper.

Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essays

Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essays Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essay Communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture Essay Introduction According to many studies, cross-cultural problems have been some of the most integral and persistent issues that have influenced communications between various cultures. Due to the differences in culture of people, communication is usually proving to be hard and thus not effective. Communication barriers, therefore, are manifest and renders communication between two cultures difficult. Culture is the way we view the world and the set of beliefs by certain people (Varner Beamer, 1995). Various barriers hinder communication between the two cultures-Ghana and Chinese. This research paper seeks to analyze three examples of the barriers from the perspective of cross-cultural communication theory. If ineffective communication occurs between different cultures, it is based on the fact that the communicators dont acknowledge the values of the different cultures. Cross-Cultural Communication theory This theory essentially posits an understanding of how various people from different cultural backgrounds speak, convey information and perceive everything in their environs (Balsmeier Heck, 1994). Cross-Cultural Communication in this context refers to the communication between Chinese and Ghana (Varner Beamer, 1995). This theory is based on the value differences among cultures. The examples of communication barriers between Ghana and Chinese culture are inclusive of but not limited to Language differences, non-verbal misinterpretation, preconceptions and misunderstandings, high anxiety, assumptions of the similarities, discrimination, ethnocentrism, tone differences (Balsmeier Heck, 1994). Language barrier To begin with, language is one of the obvious hindrances to intercultural communications yet maybe not the most integral. Individuals who dont share a language or who feel that they have a poor command of someone elses dialect might have some troubles communicating and imparting. There is likewise the likelihood of false impressions happening between individuals when they dont share a typical dialect. However sharing a common dialect does not ensure understanding. Indeed, even speakers of the same dialect dont have the very same comprehension of the implications and meanings of words (Patel, Li Sooknanan, 2011). Moreover, a Chinese and a Ghanaian would have problems in communicating. The two individuals speak entirely different languages. Various ways in which dialect can be an obstruction to intercultural communications are also the problems of vocabulary, idiomatic, experimental and conceptual equivalences. The absence of vocabulary equivalence happens at the point when there are not words in one dialect that relate precisely to the meaning and importance of words in another language. It happens mainly with particular or extremely illustrative words. Take for instance when a letter written in by a Ghanaian in English to be translated into Chinese with a sentence that reads I wonder if you will set an agenda and a meeting date for our meeting. In this case the word wonder is used as a courteous method of requesting for information from the Chinese on the agenda of the meeting and meeting date, when translated into Chinese it means an entirely different things. It means doubt. When translate d it waters down the courtesy (Patel, Li Sooknanan, 2011). The sentence would thus read I doubt if you will set an agenda and meeting date for our meeting. For this situation, a sentence that means well can result in a great conflict due to the offensive meaning (Phipps, 2013). In several cases, when a Ghanaian speaker communicates in English to a Chinese and uses idiomatic expressions it causes confusion. Even though English is not a native language for both, one individual may be well informed with the idiomatic expressions like a native speaker. Take, for instance, when one says kick the bucket, it means to die. In some cases, it may cause confusion when one of the individuals who comprehend its meaning uses it to express death to the other person who doesnt understand its meaning (Phipps, 2013). Another issue is that of experiential equivalence as mentioned earlier. There are experiences that exist in Chinese culture that do not exist in one Ghanaian culture. This makes them hard to interpret into the dialect of Ghana. For example, the Chinese idea of guanxi has no exact English equivalent in spite of the fact that it has connotations that can be communicated in English words, for example, relationship, association, commitment and reliance (Large, 1983). Conceptual equivalence, on the other hand, becomes a setback for communication if notions or concepts are not well comprehended in similar ways in various cultures. Ghanaians have different concepts of some fundamental and contemporary issues in a way that may appear to be quite divergent as compared to how the Chinese understand the same (Large, 1983). Nonverbal Communication This entails communication without the use of the word by mouth, and it sometimes goes hand in hand with verbal communications to reinforce the meaning of the spoken word. Nonverbal correspondence can be an obstruction to intercultural correspondence between a Chinese and a Ghanaian (Olshin, 2006). Nonverbal communications mostly entail correspondence without words. Messages are sent through motions, gestures, eye contact, and assumptions in regards to time among others. These types of communications can be misinterpreted in most cases. Non-verbal is used in various ways in the two cultures to communicate. Similarly, there is a close similarity of their uses in the two cultures in question. In the Ghana context, most of the non-verbal styles are used to send messages that may be uncomfortable to speak. On the other side, it may be disrespectful to do the same in the Chinese culture. It, therefore, presents the state of confusion for the two to speak in nonverbal skills (Kelley, 1975). Gestures and eye contact have powerful meanings in both cultures. Additionally, there are differences of interpretation of deep indulgence in eye contact by the two cultures. In Ghana, it is a sigh of respect while in Chinese context it may render one restless as it may not be a sign of courtesy. This is a major setback for the two cultures as far as communication is concerned. Silence also has a difference in meaning in the two cultures, and this is a setback for cross-cultural communications (Kelley, 1975). For the Chinese, silence in a conversation means a lot of respect especially if it is from a younger person to an elderly while in Ghana it means shyness and maybe inadequate interest in the conversation. It is another element of cross-cultural communication barrier as the theory stipulates. Another aspect of non-verbal in cross-cultural communication barrier is the touch element. In Chinese culture, it is believed that strangers are not to be greeted and touched, while it is pointless in Ghana. Ethnocentrism It is very normal for one brought up in Ghana to have the values of the community he or she is brought up in, likewise to one brought up in China. It is because of the way the two individuals brought up in these cultures interact and learn from them. Ethnocentrism is the belief of one in his or her culture. It is the sense of focusing on ones own culture in everything one pursues. It is clearly a setback in cross-cultural communications since it offers the basis of one judging other cultures and rendering them to be inferior (Bi et al., 2012). Chinese would have difficulty and challenges in communicating with a Ghanaian if both parties do not have a sense of cross-cultural tolerance towards each other. For example, a Chinese working in Ghana would feel inferior if a Ghanaian looks down upon him (Olshin, 2006). Ethnocentrism, in this case, promotes superiority in the Ghanaian who believes that his culture is superior to the Chinese culture.;This kind of attitude in the Ghanaian affects cross-cultural communication between the Ghanaian and the Chinese (Bi et al., 2012). Strategies on How to Overcome Barriers to Intercultural Communication Today, the world is acknowledged to have become a global village where people communicate from time to time and from place to place irrespective of their location. Also, due to technological advancement, many people from different walks of life have had the opportunity to move from one location to another. The Chinese have been to Ghana due to work related reasons and other reasons. Similar, to Ghanaians, who have found their way to China for one reason or another. As this takes place, the challenges and issues of dealing with cultural differences and utilizing the potential advantages of the diversities become immense. The differences that exist across various cultures have a significant impact on the intercultural communications. It is, therefore, prudent to put strategies that would help reduce and or eliminate the intercultural barriers to communications. Overcoming Language Barrier Speaking slowly and clearly is a way to overcome the language barrier. It entails pronouncing words clearly and profoundly to a party whose first language is not necessarily English. It is advisable to limit loudness in speaking as this merely implies rudeness in most of the cultures like the mentioned above. Speaking in plain language without the use of idiomatic expressions would also help a great deal in making communications clear and precise. Using simple words and avoiding unnecessary information: In this situation, one should use short, simple sentences to disseminate information. Using lengthy explanations usually makes intercultural communication difficult. It even makes it more complicated to use hard, and unnecessary difficult words to explain things. It is also a good strategy to check the meaning of words before using them. It is not prudent to assume the meaning of certain words without considering the context of the other culture. Practicing Active listening This is a proven effective strategy for improving cross-cultural communication.;It is a technique that entails restating the other speakers sentiments to ensure that one grasp and understand their meaning and also, asking regular questions. This method facilitates cross-cultural communication by ensuring that necessary information is understood too. Paying attention to Cultural assumptions If a person travels to a foreign nation, it is quite challenging to cope with the differences that exist in the nonverbal and verbal communications. It is, therefore, advised that when conversing with someone from another culture, one should avoid slang, jokes and or references that could be confusing and misleading to a non-local speaker. Exercising Patience Quite often than not, Cross-cultural communication takes more time. It is the fact that communicating with a person from the same culture takes less time as compared to communicating with someone from a different culture. It is, therefore, of great help to each other when patience is employed while trying to achieve communication with a person from a different culture. Opting for Courteous formality when in doubt. This is the technique and strategy of adopting a polite language when not sure or confident of what to tell a foreigner. Take, for instance, The North American English speakers usually employ an unconventional tactic to talks, especially when they are in talks with a total stranger or addressing new acquaintance. The technique may be off-putting to a person who is from some other cultural setting. To guarantee that youre passing on a proper level of respect, utilize a more formal method of talking and slowly downsize the degree of a convention as the relationship develops. Avoiding Stereotypes For a successful cross-cultural communication, one needs to seek beyond ones background misconception and stereotypes. Stereotypes are usually common among various cultures; they have no grounds and no categorical basis in truth. Making assumptions and general stereotypes only serve to create distrust and create a barrier between the individuals from different cultural backgrounds thus affecting communications. It is noble to treat each and every person with dignity and in equal measure rather than just mere generalizations. Understanding of other peoples values, norms, beliefs free from a prejudicial point of view is fundamental in this essence. Conclusion Ghana and China have different cultural backgrounds. It is these differences in cultural backgrounds that render the two cultures quite different (Olshin, 2006). Communication between two individuals from these two cultures as depicted in this research indicates that there exist various barriers that hinder effective correspondence. These barriers, as seen, are due to the differences as perceived by each from a particular culture. However, several strategies exist that can be put in place to curb and or reduce these barriers to manageable levels as discussed in this research paper above. Cross-cultural communication barriers are thus tackled successfully to achieve a mutual benefit between individuals from different cultural backgrounds. References Balsmeier, P., Heck, A. (1994). Crosscultural Communication. Cross Cultural Management, 1(2), 13-21. Bi, X., Gunessee, S., Hoffmann, R., Hui, W., Larner, J., Ma, Q., Thompson, F. (2012). Chinese consumer ethnocentrism: A field experiment. Journal Of Consumer Behaviour, 11(3), 252-263. Kelley, M. (1975). Non-Verbal and Verbal Communication. The English Journal, 64(1), 72. Large, J. (1983). The foreign-language barrier. London: A. Deutsch. Olshin, B. (2006). Debating the authentic: an outsiders view of West African culture in Ghana. Journal Of Philosophy And Culture, 1(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jpc.v1i2.36449 Patel, F., Li, M., ; Sooknanan, P. (2011). Intercultural communication. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE. Phipps, A. (2013). Intercultural ethics: questions of methods in language and intercultural communication. Language And Intercultural Communication, 13(1), 10-26. Varner, I., ; Beamer, L. (1995). Intercultural communication in the global workplace. Chicago: Irwin.

Accountability in the Workforce

Each employee responsible for skillfully executing the assigned duties and intentionally ignoring the details necessary to achieve these objectives is responsible for their actions. Employee responsibility is an important requirement in order to make the project successful. The manager may be responsible for the sales team, but we believe that each salesperson is obligated to call customers, accept orders, confirm that all quotas are satisfied . Excellent manufacturing methods require a high level of transparency and accountability for workers. The bigger the organization, the more stable the dialogue between the labor force and the management team becomes increasingly important. This usually means that the report is a necessary condition for the growth of the business. Employees who work at the site tend to operate the company so strongly that they are aware of inconsistencies in the system. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Millennial generation today accounts for 36% of the US labor force and will occupy 75% of the world's workforce by 2025. I think that employees in this group have actively communicated through countless social media sites. The use of social media is a workplace trend that will follow in the near future. As people enter the labor market and start a career it is important to understand the importance of social media in their lives. These future employees and leaders need to be accountable for their online behavior. Educators incorporating this course into the curriculum will help the students build a better, more successful future for them. Teachers can not stay anywhere. Monitor students' use of mobile devices and social media applications. One of the most important drawbacks that allows people to use these online platforms is the spread of bullying. According to the National Crime Prevention Committee, 43% of youth last year was a victim of this act. Accountability in the Workforce Each employee responsible for skillfully executing the assigned duties and intentionally ignoring the details necessary to achieve these objectives is responsible for their actions. Employee responsibility is an important requirement in order to make the project successful. The manager may be responsible for the sales team, but we believe that each salesperson is obligated to call customers, accept orders, confirm that all quotas are satisfied . Excellent manufacturing methods require a high level of transparency and accountability for workers. The bigger the organization, the more stable the dialogue between the labor force and the management team becomes increasingly important. This usually means that the report is a necessary condition for the growth of the business. Employees who work at the site tend to operate the company so strongly that they are aware of inconsistencies in the system. According to the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the Millennial generation today accounts for 36% of the US labor force and will occupy 75% of the world's workforce by 2025. I think that employees in this group have actively communicated through countless social media sites. The use of social media is a workplace trend that will follow in the near future. As people enter the labor market and start a career it is important to understand the importance of social media in their lives. These future employees and leaders need to be accountable for their online behavior. Educators incorporating this course into the curriculum will help the students build a better, more successful future for them. Teachers can not stay anywhere. Monitor students' use of mobile devices and social media applications. One of the most important drawbacks that allows people to use these online platforms is the spread of bullying. According to the National Crime Prevention Committee, 43% of youth last year was a victim of this act.

American Well Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Well - Assignment Example This leads to resolving medical issues early hence a better quality of life for the patient and reduced costs in the end. Also, a patient can choose a physician of their liking in quick fashion (Internet health care, 2). Apart from physicians and specialists, patients can access services of pharmacists and NPs. The biggest disadvantage of using this platform is that often the doctor will be communicating with the patient via phone or chat and may not obtain all the facts. The result can be offering advice or prescription that is erroneous. Also, the ease with which patient access drugs may not be safe for them since they may omit some information either knowing or unknowingly. Physicians would have preliminary information before they finally meet their patients. This generally means a lot of time being saved hence the physician could attend to more patients. With this system, patient visits are expedited hence improved hospital efficiency. Physicians who are in low demand geographical areas can work with patients elsewhere (Putnam, 34). What this means is more work for them hence better pay. On the down side, data that the physician accesses about a patient may be erroneous because of editing of the same by unreliable persons. This can present serious legal and health issues. Insurance companies can improve their reputation by having such a service. Overall, people are distrustful to insurance companies (Kabbes, 21). By providing a service that is cheap and reliable, some form of goodwill is developed between the insurer and the public. Also, the insurance firms can align their financials with those of the physicians. The results would be better margins for the insurance company. One drawdown, the insurance may encounter logistical problems in incorporating this platform into their already complex system. If not properly streamlined this platform could lead to

Incresing Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance Essay

Incresing Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance - Essay Example The plan is organized into three phases, with the first starting in January and ending in March, the second starting in April and ending in June while the third spans from July to December. The plan is fundamentally based upon the assumption that making workers’ satisfied makes them motivated for work and enhanced their performance. The plan January to March: The first phase would be subdivided into three phases, each phase representing one month starting from January. In January, an in-depth analysis of the literature will be made to make myself aware of the numerous motivational theories and models. One of the most used motivational model is the Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs depicts some of the basic needs of every human being. The model emphasizes that an individual’s motivation is linked with the fulfillment of these needs. The model also stresses that once a lower level need has been satisfied, the individual tends to gain the satisfaction with respect to the higher level needs until he/she starts to self-actualize which is actually a stage, when motivation comes into play (NetMBA, 2010). In February, I would develop a questionnaire and take sufficient time to modify that in order to get exactly what I require from the people through it. One of the most useful tools to measure the level of satisfaction that people maintain in an organizational environment or members of a team generally maintain is the staff survey (Chapman, 2009). In addition to the information retrieved from the questionnaires, the whole process of consulting the staff and making them feel involved in a research lends them a feeling of satisfaction as well as increases their motivation and performance in the long run. Finally, the questionnaire would be distributed among the respondents and collected. March will be the phase of data analysis and evaluation for the potential satisfaction and motivation driving factors. I would see if the members with lesser satisfaction were as motivated for work as the members with more satisfaction. The questionnaire will assess each respondent’s level of satisfaction and motivation on a five point likert scale with 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 representing least satisfied, somewhat satisfied, satisfied, very satisfied, and extremely satisfied. The pattern would be inverse for motivation with 1 representing extremely motivated and 5 representing least motivated. By the end of the first phase, I would have measurable results telling me how members’ motivation and satisfaction levels compare with each other in a group setting. This phase will also rank some of the key drivers of satisfaction and motivation according to the team members’ responses to the questionnaires. April to June: Having established the influence of motivation upon satisfaction level and the inverse for the team members, I would assess ways to fulfill their demands with respect to the previously ranked driving factors. â€Å"Motivatio nal incentives act like stimulants and encourage employees to be positive minded and hence be more effective in their work† (Davoren, 2011). Money is one of the most fundamental stimulants for performance in all kinds of work settings, including individual and group work. That is why, managers frequently introduce monetary rewards as incentives for people to display better performance at work. Rewards may be given to individual employees by way of an increase in their pay or

Technological and community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Technological and community - Essay Example â€Å"We are now living in a globalised world† seems to be a favorite catchphrase among authors and writers, and applicable to businesses and organisations because transactions can be conducted at an instance, and people can communicate from one side of the globe to the other end with just a personal computer and an internet connection. Moreover, because of globalisation national borders are not very important now, and there is the interconnectedness of organisations and businesses, while countries focus more on deregulation, privatisation and liberalisation of industries, and the importance of world markets. Global firms use many different structural forms in dealing with globalisation. They can use the horizontal structure because this is made easier with the availability of the internet and Information Technology. Globalisation affects very much the ordinary community. Significant social changes can take place both before and after the phases of the most intense physical activities, for example, construction, production, and expansion; pathways of influence can be social as well as physical. Nevertheless, the technological changes have brought about inequalities because of the digital divide in the community setting where there is lack of technological attention from the government and the business or private sector on the part of these communities which are seen to not being able to contribute to progress and development. No human enterprise can surpass technology’s success in improving the material conditions, enhancing the cognitive attributes, and attenuating the physical limitations of humans. While some celebrate the coming of unprecedented wealth and prosperity brought on by the recent advances in genetic engineering, nanotechnology, computer-communication systems, and so on, others bemoan the possible demise of humans as autonomous social beings because of the coming of the so-called cyborgs, transgenic organisms, and clones. (Parayil, 1999, p.

Considering the Concept of Perfection at Systemic and Individual Essay - 5

Considering the Concept of Perfection at Systemic and Individual Levels - Essay Example The systemic level will present a clearer picture of the imperfection nature of the world. Further, a relationship will be created between perfection and how it narrows down to individuals respect. To achieve perfection, there is a need to have some reference. Perfection is a relative concept and as such, no one can claim it. To say that one is perfect is to say another is not. Individuals must always try to be above their current status. (Krishnamurti, 13) This is part of the nature of human needs. This is one of the main reasons why individuals cannot be perfect. The study will attempt to rely heavily on the works of Krishnamurti (1895-1986) Krishnamurti (9) notes that individuals have the ability to free themselves from the tyranny which is presented by the society. It is through these ways that he has studied imperfection. He notes that imperfection may be appreciated, cognizant to the fact that reality is an elusive and relative concept. People’s minds are clouded with perception, which impedes their ability to think and make logical decisions. (Krishnamurti 10) Mostly the receptor organs determine how individuals reason. These factors reflect whether what individuals say are perfects or are not. Since there is no accuracy in perception, individuals cannot be completely perfect in their quest. We surrender ourselves to authorities. When we get foolish enough to receive systems as presented to us, then we would be merely copying, imitating, conforming as well as accepting and therefore if we do not do that then we would be creating conflict between us and the authority. Krishnamurti (9) reveals that accuracy may only be achieved through the combination of senses and critical reasoning.

Professors question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professors question - Essay Example Both North East Mexico and corresponding South Texas benefit from the energy boom from Eagle Ford Shale (DeBuys, 2011). Abundant energy has resulted to massive investment in the North East Mexico. Moreover, expansion of oil and gas production within Northern Mexico has resulted in increase in employment opportunities. North East Mexico depends on Texas in developing its underlying natural resources. Thus, many investors are positioning themselves in the North East Mexico to capitalize on the economic boom of Eagle Ford Shale within South Texas (DeBuys, 2011). Investments such as Infrastructure to accommodate the expected development, skilled workforce to fill the prevailing jobs created, the environmental effect of the expanded drilling, safety couple with security have been initiated within North East Mexico. Eagle Ford’s scale and swift of advancement has resulted to robust and comprehensive measure of the Northeast Mexico economic impact. Economic effect entail prosperous on employments, revenue and expenditure within the area. In summation, surge within Eagle Ford Shale drilling has resulted to sharp gains within the economic activity across the region. Nevertheless, billions of dollars that massive energy companies are committing to expand infrastructure for delivering hydrocarbons to the Texas Gulf Coast depicts that Northeast Mexico can anticipate robust production and

Technological and community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Technological and community - Essay Example â€Å"We are now living in a globalised world† seems to be a favorite catchphrase among authors and writers, and applicable to businesses and organisations because transactions can be conducted at an instance, and people can communicate from one side of the globe to the other end with just a personal computer and an internet connection. Moreover, because of globalisation national borders are not very important now, and there is the interconnectedness of organisations and businesses, while countries focus more on deregulation, privatisation and liberalisation of industries, and the importance of world markets. Global firms use many different structural forms in dealing with globalisation. They can use the horizontal structure because this is made easier with the availability of the internet and Information Technology. Globalisation affects very much the ordinary community. Significant social changes can take place both before and after the phases of the most intense physical activities, for example, construction, production, and expansion; pathways of influence can be social as well as physical. Nevertheless, the technological changes have brought about inequalities because of the digital divide in the community setting where there is lack of technological attention from the government and the business or private sector on the part of these communities which are seen to not being able to contribute to progress and development. No human enterprise can surpass technology’s success in improving the material conditions, enhancing the cognitive attributes, and attenuating the physical limitations of humans. While some celebrate the coming of unprecedented wealth and prosperity brought on by the recent advances in genetic engineering, nanotechnology, computer-communication systems, and so on, others bemoan the possible demise of humans as autonomous social beings because of the coming of the so-called cyborgs, transgenic organisms, and clones. (Parayil, 1999, p.

Professors question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Professors question - Essay Example Both North East Mexico and corresponding South Texas benefit from the energy boom from Eagle Ford Shale (DeBuys, 2011). Abundant energy has resulted to massive investment in the North East Mexico. Moreover, expansion of oil and gas production within Northern Mexico has resulted in increase in employment opportunities. North East Mexico depends on Texas in developing its underlying natural resources. Thus, many investors are positioning themselves in the North East Mexico to capitalize on the economic boom of Eagle Ford Shale within South Texas (DeBuys, 2011). Investments such as Infrastructure to accommodate the expected development, skilled workforce to fill the prevailing jobs created, the environmental effect of the expanded drilling, safety couple with security have been initiated within North East Mexico. Eagle Ford’s scale and swift of advancement has resulted to robust and comprehensive measure of the Northeast Mexico economic impact. Economic effect entail prosperous on employments, revenue and expenditure within the area. In summation, surge within Eagle Ford Shale drilling has resulted to sharp gains within the economic activity across the region. Nevertheless, billions of dollars that massive energy companies are committing to expand infrastructure for delivering hydrocarbons to the Texas Gulf Coast depicts that Northeast Mexico can anticipate robust production and

Paul Farmer Essay Example for Free

Paul Farmer Essay How far will one man go to achieve the impossible? How far can one man go to reach his goal? The country of Haiti is one of the most under developed countries in the world, but one doctor, Paul Farmer, is determined to help cure this country. No matter what the costs, Paul Farmer is willing to do whatever it takes to help those in need. A doctor who has graduated from Harvard, is also the founder of Partners in Health, and is also a teacher at Harvard. In the book Mountains Beyond Mountains, by Tracy Kidder, Kidder shows the perseverance, determination, and courage of Paul Farmer and how he tries to help cure an under developed country and how he treats his patients. Paul Farmer isn’t like any other doctor. He treats his patients with more care than an average doctor. In chapter 2 of Mountains Beyond Mountains, Paul Farmer is seen with a patient in Boston who is HIV positive. The patient, named Joe, doesn’t eat properly and doesn’t take his medication and is also a drug addict. Though Joe doesn’t follow the protocol of being healthy, Paul Farmer insists that he treats Joe with respect and care. The patient only wants to drink and wants somebody to take care of him. Farmer took the patient to a homeless shelter. During Christmas time, Farmer bought Joe a six pack of beer for Christmas as a gift. On a message board at the hospital, read â€Å" OUT- cold, their drugs, ? gal. vodka, IN- warm, our drugs, 6 pack bud. † (pg. 15) At the bottom of that message also read â€Å"Why do I know Paul Farmer wrote this? (Pg. 5) This shows how Dokte Paul Farmer cares for his patients and how the other doctors are used to his generosity with their patients. Not many doctors would go to the extreme in taking care of one patient, or bending the rules to suit a patient’s needs. This act of kindness shows how much Paul Farmer cares about his patients and the people of Haiti. Paul Farmer treats everybody equally, whether they’d be rich or poor. The US Army is in Haiti to reinstate the country’s democratically elected government and to take away the power of the Junta that is ruling the country of Haiti with cruelty. In chapter 1, Paul Farmer despises how Captain Carroll and his men release Nerva Juste, a sheriff who is accused of beheading the assistant mayor of Mirebalais. Because there wasn’t any hard evidence of Nerva killing the assistant mayor, the US army had to let him go. Paul Farmer says to Captain Carroll, â€Å"Two clear sides existed in Haiti, the forces of repression and the Haitian poor, the vast majority†¦it still seems fuzzy which side the American soldiers are on† (pg. 15). This shows that Farmer is defending the poor Haitians

Autism is a developmental disorder of the brain

Autism is a developmental disorder of the brain What is Autism? Autism is a developmental disorder of the brain. People with autism have problems communicating or interacting socially with society. They also may have unusual patterns of behavior, interests and activities. There are five kinds of autism, which is why doctors use the term autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The three main types of autism include: Classic autism, Aspergers syndrome, Nonspecific pervasive developmental disorder (PDD-NOS) A group of children who dont quite fit the criteria for the other types. There are also two rare autism disorders: Rett syndrome a neurodevelopment disorder that affects mostly girls; it includes problems with movement and speech, along with autistic features. Childhood disintegrative disorder a severe type in which the child loses more physical, language and social skills than in classic autism. Autism used to be the term used for anyone with that particular condition. Today, there are several different sub categories for different levels of disability or function. No two children diagnosed will be the same, but there will be many things that they do have in common. With some high functioning autistics most people may not even be aware that they have autism, while others need assistance in almost any part of life, and they are obviously living a very different life than other children. More is being discovered about each of these different autism types as time goes on (Evans). Aspergers Disorder is a type of autism that you hear more and more about. These children are often misdiagnosed at first, and are thought to have Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, or perhaps Attention Deficit Disorder. These children are very unskilled with social interactions and have problems with communicating. They have repetitive motions, and are fixated on patterns of all types. They can have above average language skills, though they dont use them well in social situations. They are often clumsy, as motor skills are under developed. Those with Aspergers are thought to have a talent that they focus on almost exclusively, and are considered to be highly intelligent. Recent findings indicate that Albert Einstein may have had this condition (Evans). Kanners Syndrome is a particular type of autism that was named after Dr. Kanner. He described and studied it in the 1930s and into the 1940s. This is the well-known type of this condition that is very common. Those with Kanners have very limited emotional connection with anyone, and they are very into their own little world. They want everything to be the same all of the time, and this includes routine (sometimes down to the exact minute) clothing, food, and television shows or movies. They can be deeply affected by noises, bright lights and smells. They are generally considered to be low functioning, but how well their mind works is largely unknown because of extremely poor social and communication skills (Evans). Pervasive Developmental DisorderNot Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS) is used to describe children who have most of the same symptoms as classic autism. They will need the same interventions and help that autistic children require. The differences between PDD-NOS and autism are minor and usually only obvious to researchers and doctors (Evans). Retts Syndrome is a rare and relatively little-known type of autism, and it seems to only happen in girls. This branch of autism was first described by Dr. Rett. These patients often have problems with muscle atrophy, and tend to do repetitive hand motions. They are almost always mentally retarded to some degree. These girls are very low functioning and will need care for most of their lives. This particular type of autism has been diagnosed since the sixties, but in the late 1990s a gene that might cause this condition was found (Evans). Childhood Disintegrative Disorder is also rare and something that strikes children who appear to have normal development from birth. Usually between two and four years of age this changes. These children begin to regress, and often do not potty train. They will lose the will and the ability to interact with other children, and will lose an interest in playing. They will also have problem with the motor skills that were something they at one time had mastered. They will stop talking, or their communication skills will regress to some degree (Evans). Signs of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are typically first seen in toddlers before the age of three, but only half of the children with it are diagnosed before kindergarten. Rett syndrome is caused by a mutation on a gene, while the cause of the other types of autism remain unknown. Some studies suggest that other forms of autism may be inherited (genetic), while other evidence points to infection or the effects of an environmental toxin (poison). Some doctors believe autism may result from a brain injury or brain abnormality that occurred during development in the womb or in early infancy. Others have reported evidence that the disorder is a result of abnormal levels of chemicals called neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin, which send messages between cells in the brain and nerves. ASD affects about 2 to 6 out of 1,000 children, from all racial, ethnic and social backgrounds. It is three to four times more common in boys than in girls, with Rett syndrome being the exce ption (Wiki). Some of the diagnostic tests performed to see whether a child is autistic or not are: Behavioral assessments. Various guidelines and questionnaires are used to help a doctor determine the specific type of developmental delay a child has. These include: Medical history. During the medical history interview, a doctor asks general questions about a childs development, such as whether a child shows parents things by pointing to objects. Young children with autism often point to items they want, but do not point to show parents an item and then check to see if parents are looking at the item being pointed out. Diagnostic guidelines for autism. The American Association of Childhood and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) has established guidelines for diagnosing autism.2 The criteria are designed so a doctor can assess a childs behavior relating to core symptoms of autism. The criteria are designed for children age 3 and older. Other behavioral questionnaires. Additional diagnostic tests focus on children younger than age 3. Clinical observations. A doctor may want to observe the developmentally delayed child in different situations. The parents may be asked to interpret whether certain behaviors are usual for the child in those circumstances. Developmental and intelligence tests. The AACAP also recommends that tests be given to evaluate whether a childs developmental delays affect his or her ability to think and make decisions (WebMD). Some parents believe that the MMR vaccine (an immunization shot against measles, mumps, and rubella) children receive may cause autism. This theory was based on two facts. First, the incidence of autism has increased steadily since around the same time the MMR vaccine was introduced. Second, children with the regressive form of autism (a type of autism that develops after a period of normal development) tend to start to show symptoms around the time the MMR vaccine is given. Several major studies have found no connection between the vaccine and autism. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention report that there is no proven link between autism and the MMR vaccine, or any other vaccine. Some doctors believe the increased incidence in autism is due to newer definitions of autism. The term autism now includes a wider spectrum of children. For example, a child who is diagnosed with high-functioning autism today may have been thought to simply be odd or strange 30 years ago (Oasis). An early, intensive, appropriate treatment program will greatly improve the outlook for most young children with autism. Most programs will build on the interests of the child in a highly structured schedule of constructive activities. Visual aids are often helpful. Treatment is most successful when it is geared toward the childs particular needs. An experienced specialist or team should design the program for the individual child. A variety of therapies are available, including: applied behavior analysis (ABA), medications, occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language therapy. Sensory integration and vision therapy are also common, but there is little research supporting their effectiveness. The best treatment plan may use a combination of techniques (Oasis). Autism remains a challenging condition for children and their families, but the outlook today is much better than it was a generation ago. At that time, most people with autism were placed in institutions. Today, with the right therapy, many of the symptoms of autism can be improved, though most people will have some symptoms throughout their lives. Most people with autism are able to live with their families or in the community. The outlook depends on the severity of the autism and the level of therapy the person receives.

Analyzing Eyre and Copperfield Essay -- Literary Analysis

In the novels Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte and David Copperfield by Charles Dickens, the protagonists are retrospectively looking back on their lives and illustrating tribulations they endured regarding familial, social, and romantic relationships. At the end of both novels, the central characters find harmony in idealistic partners. Ultimately, both novels demonstrate the necessity of eminent relationships, the impingement of negative relationships, and the experiences that led both protagonists to recognize the difference between which relationships were hindering and which were constructive. The Bildungsroman genre entails a character’s formative years and his or her development from childhood. The characters from this type of novel recall, in detail, past relationships and experiences that impacted the characters growth, maturity, and exemplar for their relationships with other characters. An important component to Bildungsroman novels is the concentration on the characters childhood (Gottfried & Miles, 122). In Jane Eyre and David Copperfield, both characters childhoods were despondent. Both characters experience the loss of a parent: Jane is a literal orphan; David’s loss is metaphorical, then literal. When Jane Eyre begins, Jane has already lost both parents and is under the guardianship of her aunt, Sarah Reed. Reed and her children, Jane’s cousins, are abusive to Jane and never accept Jane as family. Jane has lost both parents and with the death of her uncle, Sarah’s husband and an advocate for Jane, Jane is without any caring re lationship. In addition to being without affection, Jane must endure torment. It is this lack of adoration that leads Jane to seek acceptance throughout her life, while attempting t... ...ight is present as the main character retells their life story, but is capable of exhibiting the naivety and inexperience that the character possessed at specific stations throughout their life. Works Cited The Undisciplined Heart of David Copperfield Gwendolyn B. Needham Nineteenth-Century Fiction , Vol. 9, No. 2 (Sep., 1954), pp. 81-107 Published by: University of California Press Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/3044322 Defining Bildungsroman as a Genre Marianne Hirsch Gottfried and David H. Miles PMLA , Vol. 91, No. 1 (Jan., 1976), pp. 122-123 Published by: Modern Language Association Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/461404 Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. Charleston: Forgotten Books, 2008. Print. Burstyn, Joan. Victorian Education and the Ideal of Womanhood. Hatfield, UK: Routledge, 1980. 138-40. Print.

William Howard Taft Essay -- essays research papers

William Howard Taft William Taft was a nominated by his successor, Teddy Roosevelt. He was nominated for the Republican Party in the Presidential Race in 1908, in which he defeated William Jennings Bryant of the Democratic Party. He was called a â€Å"trust buster†, by people against his beliefs and decisions. In his Inaugural Address, he stated that many ideas in which supported Teddy Roosevelt. One, Interstate commerce railroads was a large element to the country and market of the railroad business. He wanted them to be more secure and have the Industry be more productive. Taft, in (1910) created the Mann-Elkins Act which strengthened Interstate Commerce Commission, made the original long-short haul clause more effective, and created more government control on railroad businesses. Taft wanted to reach a new efficiency and wanted to push his â€Å"successors† ideas. The 16th and 17th Amendments were passed during his Presidency to create an Income tax, and providing for the people of a state electing US Senators instead of the state legislature. Two states were also added to the Union. Taft commented about the revision of the Dingly Act. In 1909, he called a special session to create the Payne-Aldrich Tariff that seemed to be a protectionist measure and Taft calling it, â€Å"a really good bill†. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff was the first changes to the Dingley Act in which increased rates on manufactured goods and helped the Industrial Northeast but angered the Midwest. The Intervention...

Criticism of V for Vendetta

Criticism on V for Vendetta â€Å"Remember, remember, the Fifth of November, the Gunpowder Treason and Plot. I know of no reason why the Gunpowder Treason should ever be forgot† is the sentence that begins the film. â€Å"V for Vendetta† is a story of vengeance against the government in England. V is a man that was being held in a concentration camp and suffers from the experimentation by the hands of the scientists’ government. Then, he destroys and escapes from the facility and slowly hunts down his tormentors and gathers the citizens of England to form revolutionaries towards the totalitarian government (Armstrong, 2006).After that, he turns out to be a terrorist that wear dark clothes and a Guy Fawkes mask that murder and explode buildings with his tricks in order to achieve his goals. Then, he saves a girl, Evey, which is being abuse by the government’s rape-hungry secret police known as â€Å"Fingermen†. He made Evey to be his supporter and pr oceed his strategy on governmental destruction well by awaken and empower the people of England to form a revolution. He convinces the people by saying, â€Å"If you want to see who is responsible, look no further than a mirror,† he tells the country’s citizens. I understand, you were afraid,† he says by way of forgiving them. It’s the people who put Britain’s corrupt, hate-driven government in power, and it’s the people who must stop it. â€Å"People should not be afraid of their governments,† pronounces V, â€Å"governments should be afraid of their people† (Tyler, 2012). In fact, there are ideas in this film which relates to the mass society theory in terms of society and politics. For instances, V’s belief stated that, â€Å"People should not be afraid of their governments.Governments should be afraid of their people†. Hence, this film can be strongly influence the society to use the idea of forming a revolutio n to against the monarchs of their particular country. Consequently, the film director, James McTeigue, noted that, â€Å"We felt the [graphic] novel was very prescient to how the political climate is at the moment. It really showed what can happen when society is ruled by  government, rather than the government being run as a voice of the people† (Ott, 2010).Besides that, another idea that is being point out from this film â€Å"Politicians lie to hide the truth, artists tell lies to reveal it† (Tyler, 2012). From that sentence, it is assuming that politicians tend to cover up their wrongdoings by many lies meanwhile artists uses lies to reveal the truth in something. Thus, this may create a perception from all the audiences who have watched this film that politicians are not very trustable and deceitful. According to Ott (2010), he conducted a study on the role of political affect in cinema by analyzing â€Å"V for Vendetta†.He argued that, â€Å"Vendetta h as an array of visceral resonances, pulsations, intensities, and sensations to invites viewers to reject a politics of apathy in favor of a politics of democratic struggle†. Furthermore, he also mentioned that in this film it has a relationship with politics and mass. In political rhetoric, the film would urged audiences not to keep silent as their rights and liberties were being restrict and also empowered them to speak out against their government. In conclusion, â€Å"V for Vendetta† film is one of the true examples on how the society will be influence by the idea of the film is illustrating.By relating this film with the mass society theory, it has the significant connection between political and society. References Armstrong, A. (2006, March 17). V's Vendetta Can't Ground Freedom. Retrieved June 14, 2012, from Colorado Freedom Report: http://www. freecolorado. com/2006/03/vendetta. html Ott, B. L. (2010). The Visceral Politics of V for Vendetta: On Political Affect in Cinema. Critical Studies in Media Communication , 39-54. Tyler, J. (2012). V for Vendetta. Retrieved June 14, 2012, from CinemaBlend. com: http://www. cinemablend. com/reviews/V-for-Vendetta-1472. html

Eating Disorders: Symptoms, Signs, Causes Essay

What is an eating disorder? Well, one of the many definitions for an eating disorder is any range of psychological disorders characterized by disturbed eating habits; which include anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervous (BN) and binge-eating disorder. (CITE). All eating disorders have similar characteristics. This could be a fear of becoming fat, food, weight or calories. The reason why I want to focus on this population is that eating disorders are a significant problem during the adolescent years affecting up to 5% of adolescent girls (Golden et al., 2003). Someone suffering from an eating disorder has a very unhealthy relationship with food that is prying into many areas of their everyday life. An individual may eat little to no food, eat unreasonably massive amounts of food, be infatuated with thoughts of food or exercise, and have a distorted body image. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders fifth edition (DSM-V) recognizes four main eating disorders: anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). (CITE DSM-5).The signs of an eating disorder will vary and may include refusal to eat, extreme exercise, social withdrawal, self-induced vomiting or binge eating. Many families that have a family member that suffers from an eating disorder also have an increased risk of depression, obesity, substance abuse or consuming too much food. People that suffer from eating disorders may struggle socially, physically and or mentally, there are also many symptoms and signs to watch for. (article 7) Causes of Eating Disorders: Eating Disorders are complex disorders, influenced by a faà §ade of factors. Thought the exact cause of eating disorders is unknown, it is generally believed that a combination of biological, psychological and/or environmental abnormalities contribute to the development of these illnesses. (Cite Article 4) Biological Factors: When it comes to biological factors some include; certain people may have irregular hormone functions that increase their risk of developing eating disorders. Genetics (the tie between eating disorders and one’s genes is still being heavily researched, but we know that genetics is a part of the story). And lastly, there are nutritional deficiencies; which is an inadequate supply of essential nutrients in diet resulting in malnutrition or disease. (Mayo Clinic) Psychological Factors Some of the psychological factors or emotional health include people with a negative body image. They may have low self-esteem, perfectionism impulsive behavior and troubled relationships with friends and loved ones. (Article 4) Environmental Factors Environmental factors or social factors that would contribute to the occurrence of eating disorders are dysfunctional family dynamic, professions and careers that promote being thin and weight loss, such modeling. Aesthetically oriented sports, where an emphasis is placed on maintaining a lean body for enhanced performance. Family and childhood traumas: childhood sexual abuse, severe trauma and cultural and/or peer pressure among friends and co-workers. (Article 6) Signs and Symptoms: (CITIE Article) Symptoms may vary depending on the type of eating disorder. A man or a woman suffering from an eating disorder may reveal several signs and symptoms that are both the same and different. Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia is possible life-threatening eating disorder characterized by an atypically low body weight, intense fear of gaining weight and one-sided perception of weight or shape. People that suffer from anorexia use dangerous efforts to control their weight and shape, which often knowingly interferes with their lifestyle. Obsession with calories and fat contents of food or use other methods to lose weight; such as having engaging in formalized eating patterns, including, cutting food into tiny pieces, eating alone, and/or hiding food. (Cite article 5) Bulimia Nervosa Bulimia is a serious, theoretically life-threatening eating disorder. When you have bulimia, you have episodes of bingeing and purging that involve feeling a lack of control over your eating. Many people with bulimia also restrict their eating during the day, which often leads to more binge eating and purging (Cite article 3). During these episodes, bulimics typically eat a large amount of food in a short time, and then try to rid of the extra calories in an unhealthy way. Because of guilt, shame and an intense fear of weight gain from overeating, they may force vomiting (purging bulimia), exercise too much, or use other methods, such as laxatives, to get rid of the calories (no purging bulimia). Even if you are bulimic, you’re undoubtedly preoccupied with weight and body shape and may judge severely and harshly for self-perceived flaws. Bulimic may be at a normal weight or even a bit overweight. (Cite article 4) Binge-Eating Disorder When it comes to a binge-eating disorder, many regularly eat too much food (binge) and feel a lack of control over eating. Eating quickly or eat more food than intended, even when not hungry, and may continue eating even long after becoming uncomfortably full. After a binge, there may feeling of guilty, disgusted or ashamed by the behavior displayed and the amount of food eaten (Cite Article 2). Many will try to but do not try to compensate for this behavior with excessive exercise or purging, as someone with bulimia or anorexia might. Embarrassment can lead to eating alone to hide bingeing. A new round of bingeing usually occurs at least once a week. Many may be normal weight, overweight or obese (Cite article 1) Treatments: Treatment of an eating disorder generally includes a team approach. The team typically includes medical providers, mental health providers and dietitians; all with experience in eating disorders. Many of the treatments are based around your specific type of eating disorder. However, in general, it typically includes psychotherapy, nutrition education and medication thorough being either an outpatient, or inpatient and if your life is at risk the possibility of being hospitalized. (CITIE ARTICLE 2). Psychotherapy, also known as talk therapy can help learn how to replace unhealthy habits with healthy ones. Psychotherapy can also help to improve the relationships and moods. Psychotherapy can include both Cognitive Behavioral therapy and Family Based Therapy. (Cite Article 3) Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is applicable to all eating disorders but has been most intensively studied in the treatment of bulimia nervosa (BN). CBT is designed to alter abnormal attitudes about body shape and weight. (CITE ARTICLE 1) CBT is effective in reducing all core features of BN and shows good maintenance of therapeutic improvement. Family Based Therapy Family Based Therapy (FBT) is an evidence-based treatment for children and over teenagers dealing with eating disorders. The family is involved in making sure that the child or other family member follow healthy-eating patterns and maintains a healthy body image and weight. (Cite article 1) Outpatient: The goals of this form of treatment include restoring a normal weight and maintaining that weight, managing physiologic abnormalities, reducing the comorbid psychiatric symptoms such as depression, and changing the fundamental thoughts that are underlying the anorexia. Bulimics require similar medical management with the goal of the treatment being the restoration of a normalized eating pattern free of the binge and/or purge cycle. (Article 6) Partial Hospitalization: For the patient with anorexia nervosa (AN) who have had repeated hospitalizations, a partial hospitalization treatment plan is recommended. The partial hospitalization treatment should follow a group treatment model and should include nutritional counseling, meal planning and additional groups such as social skills training. For a patient with BN who are in transition from inpatient to outpatient treatment or those whose bingeing and purging have begun to interfere with their functioning may be treated in partial hospitalization. (Article 3) Inpatient Treatment: The criteria need for hospitalization for both anorexia and bulimia include unstable medical conditions. Weight loss of 10% to 15% or more normal for relapse only or 16% to 20% or more if it is a patients’ first episode. (Cite article 1). The inpatient hospitalization beings with a full evaluation, including a psychiatric and medical evaluation. Patients with anorexia are fed initially with supplemental liquid feedings 6 times a day until they are within at least 10% of their goal weight. Patients who refuse the feedings consistently and do not gain weight are given feeing through nasal gastric tubes (Mayo Clinic). Bulimic patients being with food trays. The goal for both anorectics and bulimics is self-regulated weight maintenance. This is done through letting the patient self-selecting meals after a period of weight maintenance within their range. Both the bulimic and the anorectic are participants in response prevention techniques intended to prevent any purging behavior. (John Hopkins) Future Practitioner Helping Individual with Eating Disorders from Empowerment and Strength Perspectives The empowerment perspective and the strength-based approach work together. In social service work, the strengths-based approach involves helpers highlighting the client’s strengths and not their shortfalls. There are different ways to empower clients; and how empowerment can benefit the clients and social services workers attitudes, relationships etc. Social workers need to be aware and practice methods for empowerment effectively to be able to believe in their client’s strengths, abilities, and dreams. (Cite empowerment article). Empowerment does not give people power, people already have plenty of power. Empowerment is defined as letting this power out. It encourages people to gain the skills and knowledge that will allow them to overcome obstacles in life or work environment and eventually help them develop strengths within themselves or in the society (Cite Theo class).